A transaction debugger allows to do a deep-dive into specific Ethereum transactions whether they are originated logically or on a public network. They can be used for issue debugging, learning about 3rd party contracts, in security reviews, gas optimization and many more use cases.
Example transaction in ethtx.info
Common transaction debuggers
There are several different transaction debuggers:
Tenderly a step-based transaction debugger with excellent support for various Ethereum networks and other related functionality
EthTx Transaction Decoder, a public network transaction decoder that focuses on showing the sub-call hierachy
Remix, a low-level transaction debugger in the browser
Auditless Debugger (in development), a next-generation transaction debugger specializing in faster browsing and support for opcode level debugging & gas optimization.